Jamaica

People & Society

Nationality:
noun: Jamaican(s)
adjective: Jamaican

Ethnic groups:
black 92.1%, mixed 6.1%, East Indian 0.8%, other 0.4%, unspecified 0.7% (2011 est.)

Languages:
English, English patois

Religions:
Protestant 64.8% (includes Seventh Day Adventist 12.0%, Pentecostal 11.0%, Other Church of God 9.2%, New Testament Church of God 7.2%, Baptist 6.7%, Church of God in Jamaica 4.8%, Church of God of Prophecy 4.5%, Anglican 2.8%, United Church 2.1%, Methodist 1.6%, Revived 1.4%, Brethren .9%, and Moravian .7%), Roman Catholic 2.2%, Jehovah’s Witness 1.9%, Rastafarian 1.1%, other 6.5%, none 21.3%, unspecified 2.3% (2011 est.)

Population:
2,930,050 (July 2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 140

Age structure:
0-14 years: 28.4% (male 423,855/female 409,651)
15-24 years: 21.7% (male 319,291/female 316,773)
25-54 years: 36.4% (male 525,288/female 542,015)
55-64 years: 7.8% (male 79,875/female 84,562)
65 years and over: 7.7% (male 102,377/female 126,363) (2014 est.)

Dependency ratios:
total dependency ratio: 52.6 %
youth dependency ratio: 40.5 %
elderly dependency ratio: 12.2 %
potential support ratio: 8.2 (2014 est.)

Median age:
total: 24.9 years
male: 24.4 years
female: 25.4 years (2014 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.69% (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 146

Birth rate:
18.41 births/1,000 population (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 102

Death rate:
6.67 deaths/1,000 population (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 142

Net migration rate:
-4.83 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 193

Urbanization:
urban population: 52% of total population (2011)
rate of urbanization: 0.51% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Major urban areas – population:
KINGSTON (capital) 571,000 (2011)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.81 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2014 est.)

Mother’s mean age at first birth:
21.2
note: median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2008 est.)

Maternal mortality rate:
110 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)
country comparison to the world: 65

Infant mortality rate:
total: 13.69 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 114
male: 14.27 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 13.08 deaths/1,000 live births (2014 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 73.48 years
country comparison to the world: 121
male: 71.87 years
female: 75.17 years (2014 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.05 children born/woman (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 118

Contraceptive prevalence rate:
69% (2002/03)

Health expenditures:
5.2% of GDP (2010)
country comparison to the world: 139

Physicians density:
0.41 physicians/1,000 population (2008)

Hospital bed density:
1.8 beds/1,000 population (2010)

Drinking water source:
improved:
urban: 97.1% of population
rural: 88.8% of population
total: 93.1% of population
unimproved:
urban: 2.9% of population
rural: 11.2% of population
total: 6.9% of population (2011 est.)

Sanitation facility access:
improved:
urban: 78.4% of population
rural: 82.2% of population
total: 80.2% of population
unimproved:
urban: 21.6% of population
rural: 17.8% of population
total: 19.8% of population (2011 est.)

HIV/AIDS – adult prevalence rate:
1.7% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 29

HIV/AIDS – people living with HIV/AIDS:
28,400 (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 73

HIV/AIDS – deaths:
1,300 (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 66

Obesity – adult prevalence rate:
24.1% (2008)
country comparison to the world: 67

Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
3.2% (2010)
country comparison to the world: 112

Education expenditures:
6.1% of GDP (2012)
country comparison to the world: 40

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over has ever attended school
total population: 87%
male: 82.1%
female: 91.8% (2011 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
total: 12 years
male: 12 years
female: 12 years (2002)

Child labor – children ages 5-14:
total number: 38,516
percentage: 6 % (2005 est.)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
total: 34%
country comparison to the world: 20
male: 27.1%
female: 42.6% (2012)

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Government

Country name:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Jamaica

Government type:
constitutional parliamentary democracy and a Commonwealth realm

Capital:
name: Kingston
geographic coordinates: 18 00 N, 76 48 W
time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Administrative divisions:
14 parishes; Clarendon, Hanover, Kingston, Manchester, Portland, Saint Andrew, Saint Ann, Saint Catherine, Saint Elizabeth, Saint James, Saint Mary, Saint Thomas, Trelawny, Westmoreland
note: for local government purposes, Kingston and Saint Andrew were amalgamated in 1923 into the present single corporate body known as the Kingston and Saint Andrew Corporation

Independence:
6 August 1962 (from the UK)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 6 August (1962)

Constitution:
several previous (preindependence); latest drafted 1961-62, submitted to British Parliament 24 July 1962, entered into force 6 August 1962 (at independence); amended many times, last in 2011 (2011)

Legal system:
common law system based on the English model

International law organization participation:
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General Dr. Patrick L. ALLEN (since 26 February 2009)
head of government: Prime Minister Portia SIMPSON MILLER (since 5 January 2012)
cabinet: Cabinet is appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister
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elections: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition in the House of Representatives is appointed prime minister by the governor general

Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (a 21-member body appointed by the governor general on the recommendations of the prime minister and the leader of the opposition; ruling party is allocated 13 seats, and the opposition is allocated 8 seats) and the House of Representatives (63 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held on 29 December 2011 (next to be held no later than December 2016)
election results: percent of vote by party – PNP 53.3%, JLP 46.6%; seats by party – PNP 41, JLP 22

Judicial branch:
highest court(s): Court of Appeal (consists of president of the court and a minimum of 4 judges; Supreme Court (40 judges organized in specialized divisions)
note – appeals beyond Jamaica’s highest courts are submitted to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London) rather than to the Caribbean Court of Justice (the appellate court implemented for member states of the Caribbean Community)
judge selection and term of office: chief justice of the Supreme Court and president of the Court of Appeal appointed by the governor-general on the advice of the prime minister; other judges of both courts appointed by the governor-general on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission; judges of both courts serve till age 70
subordinate courts: resident magistrate courts, district courts, and petty sessions courts

Political parties and leaders:
Jamaica Labor Party or JLP [Andrew HOLNESS]
People’s National Party or PNP [Portia SIMPSON-MILLER]
National Democratic Movement or NDM [Michael WILLIAMS]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
New Beginnings Movement or NBM
Rastafarians

International organization participation:
ACP, AOSIS, C, Caricom, CDB, CELAC, FAO, G-15, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAES, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, Petrocaribe, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Stephen C. VASCIANNIE (since 20 July 2012)
chancery: 1520 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 452-0660
FAX: [1] (202) 452-0081
consulate(s) general: Miami, New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d’Affaires a.i. Elizabeth Martinez
embassy: 142 Old Hope Road, Kingston 6
mailing address: P.O. Box 541, Kingston 5
telephone: [1] (876) 702-6000
FAX: [1] (876) 702-6001

Flag description:
diagonal yellow cross divides the flag into four triangles – green (top and bottom) and black (hoist side and outer side); green represents hope, vegetation, and agriculture, black reflects hardships overcome and to be faced, and yellow recalls golden sunshine and the island’s natural resources

National symbol(s):
green-and-black streamertail (bird)

National anthem:
name: “Jamaica, Land We Love”

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Economy

Economy – overview:
The Jamaican economy is heavily dependent on services, which accounts for nearly 80% of GDP. The country continues to derive most of its foreign exchange from tourism, remittances, and bauxite/alumina. Remittances and tourism each account for 30% of GDP, while bauxite/alumina exports make up roughly 5% of GDP. The bauxite/alumina sector was most affected by the global downturn while the tourism industry and remittance flow remained resilient. Jamaica’s economy faces many challenges to growth: high crime and corruption, large-scale unemployment and underemployment, and a debt-to-GDP ratio of about 140%.

The attendant debt servicing cost consumes a large portion of the government’s budget, limiting its ability to fund the critical infrastructure and social programs required to drive growth. Jamaica’s economic growth rate in the recent past has been stagnant, averaging less than 1% per year for over 20 years. Jamaica’s onerous public debt burden is largely the result of government bailouts to ailing sectors of the economy, most notably to the financial sector.

In early 2010, the Jamaican Government initiated the Jamaica Debt Exchange to retire high-priced domestic bonds and reduce annual debt servicing. Despite these efforts, debt continued to be a serious concern, forcing the government to negotiate and sign a new IMF agreement in May 2013 to gain access to approximately $1 billion additional funds. As a precursor, the government instigated a second National Debt Exchange in 2012. The IMF deal requires the government to reform its tax system, eliminate discretionary tax exemptions and waivers, and achieve an annual surplus of 7.5%, excluding debt payments, to reduce its debt below 100% of GDP by 2020. The SIMPSON-MILLER administration now faces the difficult prospect of having to achieve fiscal discipline to maintain debt payments while simultaneously attacking a serious crime problem that is hampering economic growth. High unemployment exacerbates the crime problem, including gang violence that is fueled by the drug trade. The IMF approved a four-year $932 million Extended Fund Facility arrangement for Jamaica in May 2013.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$25.13 billion (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 126
$25.03 billion (2012 est.)
$25.15 billion (2011 est.)
note: data are in 2013 US dollars

GDP (official exchange rate):
$14.39 billion (2013 est.)

GDP – real growth rate:
0.4% (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 189
-0.5% (2012 est.)
1.4% (2011 est.)

GDP – per capita (PPP):
$9,000 (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 126
$9,000 (2012 est.)
$9,100 (2011 est.)
note: data are in 2013 US dollars

Gross national saving:
10.8% of GDP (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 128
8.7% of GDP (2012 est.)
7% of GDP (2011 est.)

GDP – composition, by end use:
household consumption: 86.6%
government consumption: 15.7%
investment in fixed capital: 21.2%
investment in inventories: 0.5%
exports of goods and services: 34.5%
imports of goods and services: -58.4%
(2013 est.)

GDP – composition, by sector of origin:
agriculture: 6.5%
industry: 29.4%
services: 64.1% (2013 est.)

Agriculture – products:
sugarcane, bananas, coffee, citrus, yams, ackees, vegetables; poultry, goats, milk; shellfish

Industries:
tourism, bauxite/alumina, agro-processing, light manufactures, rum, cement, metal, paper, chemical products, telecommunications

Industrial production growth rate:
1.5% (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 137

Labor force:
1.261 million (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 138

Labor force – by occupation:
agriculture: 17%
industry: 19%
services: 64% (2006)

Unemployment rate:
16.3% (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 146
13.7% (2012 est.)

Population below poverty line:
16.5% (2009 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 2.1%
highest 10%: 35.8% (2004)

Distribution of family income – Gini index:
45.5 (2004)
country comparison to the world: 38
37.9 (2000)

Budget:
revenues: $3.826 billion
expenditures: $4.088 billion (2013 est.)

Taxes and other revenues:
26.6% of GDP (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 113

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
-1.8% of GDP (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 84

Public debt:
123.6% of GDP (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 8
132.9% of GDP (2012 est.)

Fiscal year:
1 April – 31 March

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
9.4% (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 207
6.9% (2012 est.)

Central bank discount rate:
2% (31 December 2010 est.)
NA% (31 December 2009 est.)

Commercial bank prime lending rate:
17% (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 24
17.63% (31 December 2012 est.)

Stock of narrow money:
$1.671 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 132
$1.723 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

Stock of broad money:
$5.928 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 125
$6.239 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

Stock of domestic credit:
$7.197 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 105
$7.351 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares:
$6.39 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 74
$7.223 billion (31 December 2011)
$6.626 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

Current account balance:
-$1.583 billion (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 134
-$1.905 billion (2012 est.)

Exports:
$1.775 billion (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 144
$1.747 billion (2012 est.)

Exports – commodities:
alumina, bauxite, sugar, rum, coffee, yams, beverages, chemicals, wearing apparel, mineral fuels

Exports – partners:
US 48%, Canada 7.2%, Slovenia 4.2%, Netherlands 4.1%, UAE 4.1% (2012)

Imports:
$5.559 billion (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 124
$5.905 billion (2012 est.)

Imports – commodities:
food and other consumer goods, industrial supplies, fuel, parts and accessories of capital goods, machinery and transport equipment, construction materials

Imports – partners:
US 36.1%, Venezuela 15.6%, Trinidad and Tobago 10.8%, China 4.8%, Mexico 4% (2012)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$1.9 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 123
$1.981 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

Debt – external:
$13.82 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 93
$14.09 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

Exchange rates:
Jamaican dollars (JMD) per US dollar –
99.83 (2013 est.)
88.751 (2012 est.)
87.196 (2010 est.)
87.89 (2009)
72.236 (2008)

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